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Products?????? | Antisense LNA GapmeRsFor highly effective knockdown of mRNA and lncRNA using LNA-enhanced antisense oligonucleotides | Custom FlexiPlate siRNAFor highly flexible and economical RNAi screening | HP Custom siRNAFor efficient gene silencing using high-purity siRNA |
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Applications | Silencing of lncRNA and mRNA in cell cultures and even in animal models | Pathway analysis, follow-up screening experiments | Functional genomics and proteomics research, gene expression studies, array analysis, monitoring transfection efficiency and cell-tracking experiments |
Target | mRNA or lncRNA targets >80 nucleotides | ||
Species | human, mouse, rat (others via technical support) | human, mouse | multiple species, specific splice variants, and non-human, -mouse, and -rat genes |
Synthesis Scale | 5 nmol, 15 nmol, others | 0.1 nmol, 0.25 nmol, 1 nmol | 20 nmol |
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Apoptosis is a coordinated, energy-dependent process that involves the activation of a group of cysteine proteases called caspases and a cascade of events that link the initiating stimuli to programmed cell death. Caspases in apoptosis are broadly divided into initiators (caspases 2, 8, 9 and 10) and executioners (caspases 3, 6 and 7). The two main pathways of apoptosis are the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. Each pathway requires specific triggers to initiate a cascade of molecular events that converge at the stage of caspase 3 activation. The activation of caspase 3 in turn triggers an execution pathway resulting in characteristic cytomorphological features including cell shrinkage, membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation and DNA fragmentation.
The intrinsic signaling pathways that initiate apoptosis involve non-receptor-mediated intracellular signals (e.g. DNA damage, radiation) that cause changes in the inner mitochondrial membrane. The end result is a change in mitochondrial transmembrane potential and release of two main groups of pro-apoptotic proteins from the intermembrane space into the cytosol. The first group consists of cytochrome c (CYTC), SMAC/DIABLO, and the serine protease high temperature requirement protein A2 (HTRA2/OMI). These proteins activate the caspase-dependent mitochondrial pathway. CYTC binds and activates apoptotic peptidase activating factor 1(APAF-1) as well as procaspase-9, forming an apoptosome leading to caspase-9 activation. SMAC/DIABLO and HTRA2/OMI promote apoptosis by inhibiting IAP (inhibitors of apoptosi